I'm no accountant but as I understand it, it works in the following manner; please correct me, if I'm wrong.
Fiat currency= a token that is accepted as having value to obtain goods or services, though it has no intrinsic value and is not backed by reserves eg a Bank of England promissory note.
Fractional reserve banking= a bank retains only a portion of its customers' deposits as readily available reserves from which to satisfy demands for withdrawals; around 3% for UK.
Book keeping or accounting should show assets and liabilities that balance.
An asset is something one can sell, it has value ie cash, promissory notes, cars, houses etc.
A liability is owing money ie a debt.
e.g.
If you loan a company £10,000 cash, the cash is recorded as an asset matched with an liability of £10,000 showing the company owes you £10,000. The liability is proof you loaned the cash to the company and they owe you the money.
You sign an agreement, mortgage, loan etc and deposit it with the bank; it then (usually) becomes a negotiable instrument or type of promissory note. The bank records the promissory note as an asset matched by a new liability, the new liability (deposit or cheque) is money they owe you but THEY OMITTED TO MENTION THIS PART OF THE TRANSACTION!
The promissory note is then traded for credit/cash with other banks for the full value.
The bank then allegedly loans you that money/credit and expects you to pay it back with interest!
DID SOMEONE MENTION SCAM!!!?